Solar Energy Reviews

Mobile phone

History
1970 mobile phone is
Main article: History of mobile phones
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X analogue Advanced Mobile Phone System mobile phone from 1983
In 1908, U.S. Patent 887 357 for a mobile phone delivered to Nathan B. Stubblefield Murray, Kentucky. He applied this patent to "cave radio" telephones and not directly to cellular telephony as the term is currently understood. Cells for mobile phone base stations were invented in 1947 by Bell Labs engineers at AT & T and further developed by Laboratories Bell during the 1960s. Radiotelephones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of mobile radio, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while mobile devices handheld radio has been available since 1973. A patent for the first wireless phone as we know it today was issued in the U.S. Patent Number 3,449,750 George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio on June 10, 1969.
In 1945, the zero generation (0G) of mobile phones was introduced. [Quote] Like other technologies necessary at the time, it was a single powerful base station covering a wide area, and telephone number of each effectively monopolize a channel over that whole area while in use.
In 1960, the first world, partly automatic car Mobile Phone System A (MTA) | MTA was launched in Sweden. With MTA calls can be made and received in the car to and from the public telephone network, and your car could be paged. The telephone number marked with a dial. To call from the car was fully automatic, while calling an operator was required. The person who wanted to call a mobile phone had to know the mobile phone base station has been covered. The system was developed by Sture Laurn and other engineers in the network operator Televerket. Ericsson provided the switchboard, while Radioaktiebolaget Svenska (SRA), owned by Ericsson and Marconi provided phones and base station equipment. phones MTA were consisted of vacuum tubes and relays, and had a weight of 40 kg. In 1962, the latest version of the system called Mobile B (MTB) was launched, I was a touch-tone phone, which uses transistors in order to improve the capacity of your call and improve its reliability. In 1971 version MTD was launched, the opening of several different brands of equipment and achieved commercial success.
The concepts of frequency reuse and relay, and a series other concepts that form the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the 1970s, see, for example Fluhrer and Nussbaum, et Hachenburg al. And U.S. Patent 4152647, issued May 1, 1979 to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, both of Las Vegas, Nevada and assigned by them to the Government of the United States.
Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive is regarded as the inventor of the first practical mobile phone for handheld use in a non-vehicle. Cooper is the first inventor named in "Radio telephone system" filed on October 17, 1973 with the U.S. Patent Office and later published as U.S. Patent 3,906,166; other partners named in the patent including the head of Cooper, John F. Mitchell, the head of Motorola portable communication products, which successfully pushed for Motorola develop wireless communication products that would be small enough for use outside the home, office or car and participated in the design of the phone cell. The use of a modern mobile phone if something heavy, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone April 3, 1973 to a rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel, of Bell Laboratories.
Analog cellular (1G)
Main article: 1G
The first commercial cellular network automated (the 1G generation) was released in Japan by NTT in 1979. The initial launch network covered the entire Tokyo metropolitan area more than 20 million inhabitants with a cellular network of 23 stations base. Within five years, the NTT network has expanded to cover the entire population of Japan and became the first 2G network across the country.
The second release 1G networks was the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1981 .. NMT was the first telephone network international mobile roaming. The Swede Sten Mkitalo electrical engineer started working on this vision in 1966, and is considered the father of the TNM system and some consider also the father of cell phone.
Personal Handy-phone System mobile phones and modems used in Japan around 19972003
Several countries were the first to launch 1G networks in early 1980 as the United Kingdom, Mexico and Canada. 1G The first network launched in the U.S. Chicago-based Ameritech in 1983 with the famous first-hand mobile phones Motorola DynaTAC. In 1984, Bell Labs developed modern commercial cellular technology (based, in large extent by the Gladden, Parelman of Patents), that several employees, centralized control of base stations (cells), each service provided to a small area (a cell). The cell sites would be established so that the cells overlap. In a cellular system, a signal between a base station (cell site) and a terminal (phone) need only be strong enough to reach between the two, so the same channel can be used simultaneously for talks separately in different cells.
The first NMT facilities and installations were based on First AMPS Ericsson AXE digital hubs.
Systems require several steps of cellular technology, including delivery, which allowed a conversation to continue as a mobile phone traveled from cell to cell. This system included variable transmission power in both base stations and the telephones (controlled by the base stations), allowing scope and size of the cell to vary. As the system expanded and neared capacity, the ability of cells to reduce power transmission allows the addition of new, resulting in more, smaller cells and thus more capacity. Evidence of this growth can still be seen in many old, tall towers site Cell no antennas on the tops of its towers. These sites originally created large cells, and so had their antennae mounted on towers, the towers were designed so that as cellular antenna system expandednd shrankhe sizes could be reduced in their original masts to reduce range.
A 1991 GSM mobile phone
Digital mobile communication (2G)
Main article: 2G, 2.5G and 2.75G
The first "modern" network digital technology in 2G (second generation) cellular technology was launched by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Group) in 1991 in Finland on the GSM standard, which also marked the introduction of competition in mobile telecoms when Radiolinja challenged incumbent Telecom Finland (now part of TeliaSonera) who ran an NMT network 1G.
Data services first appeared on mobile phones text from person to person SMS messaging in Finland in 1993. First trial payments using a mobile phone to pay for a Coca Cola vending machine were set in Finland in 1998. The first commercial payments parking Mobile tested in Sweden but first commercially launched in Norway in 1999. The first commercial payment system to mimic the banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart. The first content sold to mobile phones was the ringing tone, for the first time 1998 in Finland. The first full Internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.
Broadband mobile communications (3G)
Main article: 3G
In 2001 the first commercial launch of 3G (Third Generation) was again in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. The standard 2G CDMA network meets the approval of the Revision A EV-DO 3G. Revision A EV-DO by the addition of several protocol while keeping it completely compatible Backward Backward EV-DO.
These changes included the introduction of several new interest rate data link speed increase maximum throw of 2.45 Mbit / s to 3.1 Mbit / s. Also included protocols that reduce the time of connection establishment (called channel to improve access MAC), the ability to more phones to share the same time (multi-user packs) and the introduction of QoS flags. All these were put in place to allow low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP.
One of the newest technologies out is access 3G high-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It an improved 3G (third generation) mobile communications protocol telephony in the High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, + Turbo 3G or 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current deployments HSDPA support downlink speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit / s. Further increases in speed are available with HSPA +, which provides speeds up 42 Mbit / s downstream and 84 Mbit / s with version 9 of the 3GPP standards.
Broadband fourth generation (4G)
Main article: 4G
The generation recently published fourth, also known as Beyond 3G, is designed to provide wireless broadband access with nominal data rate of 100 Mbit / s devices of rapid movement, and 1 Gbit / s for fixed devices defined by ITU-R 4G systems may be based on the 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) cellular standard, offering rates Maximum bit of 326.4 Mbit / s. Perhaps it can also be based on WiMax or Flash-OFDM wireless technologies metropolitan area networks that the promise of access wireless broadband with speeds reaching 233 Mbit / s for mobile users. The radio interface in these systems is based on packet switching, all-IP, diversity MIMO systems, multi-carrier modulation, dynamic channel allocation (DCA) and the programming of the channel-dependent. A 4G system should be a complete replacement for existing network infrastructure and is expected to be able to offer a complete IP solution and secure voice, data and multimedia streaming can give users an "Anytime, Anywhere "basis, and at data rates much higher than previous generations. Sprint has a 4G network in selected areas. By 2011 it is expected that more companies launch 4G mobile broadband networks.
Uses
Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, including maintaining contact with family members, conduct business and access to a phone in case of an emergency.
The organizations that aid victims of domestic violence can provide a cell phone to potential victims without the knowledge of the abuser. These devices are often old phones that are donated and refurbished to meet emergency needs of victims.
child predators have used cell phones to communicate in secret with the children without the knowledge of their parents or teachers.
The arrival of widespread text messaging has resulted in the cell phone novel, the literary genre first out of the cellular age by text messages to a website that collects all the novels as a whole. Paul Levinson, the information on the move (2004), says: "… today, a writer can write almost as easily, anywhere, as a reader can read "and are" not only "personal, but portable.
Multiple phones
Individuals can have multiple cell phones with separate purposes, such as for professional and personal. Multiple phones (or several SIM cards) can be used to take advantage of the benefits of different calling plans including plan could offer cheaper calls local calls, long distance, international calls or roaming. A study conducted by Motorola found that one in ten mobile phone users have a second telephone is often kept secret from members family. These phones can be used for activities including clandestine extramarital affairs or business dealings.
Sharing
Phone Cell sharing is a phenomenon that exists throughout the world. It is prevalent in urban India, as families and groups of friends often share one or more mobile phones among its members. There are two types of exchanges that there are "visible" and "stealth" to share. A visible example of involvement occurs when someone called the friend of the person they are trying to get in the hope of talking to this individual, the latter type of exchange occurs when an individual uses another phone cell without your knowledge. telephone exchange not only take place due to its economic benefits, but also often due to family customs and roles traditional gender.
Another example of cellular telephone exchange occurs in Burkina Faso. There is not unusual for a people who only have access to telephones phones. This cell phone is usually owned by a person who is not native to the village, as a teacher or a missionary. Although cell phones are the exclusive property of an individual, is the expectation that other members of the village are allowed to use cell phone for necessary calls. While some may see this as a burden, actually can be an opportunity to participate in mutual obligations. This type of cellular distribution is important for young people of Burkina Faso, and allowing them to keep up with the expectations of the globalized world.
Phones
A Nokia phone with the box.
A printed circuit board within a mobile phone
There are several categories of mobile phones from basic phones to offer phones like Musicphone and camera. Also There are smart phones, the first smartphone was the Nokia 9000 Communicator in 1996 which incorporated PDA functionality to the basic mobile phone at the moment. As miniaturization and increased processing power of microchips has enabled ever more features to be added to phones, the concept of smartphone has evolved, and what was a high-end smartphone five years ago, is a standard phone today. phone's serial number has been introduced to address a market segment, as RIM's BlackBerry focuses on the business / corporate e-mail client must, the SonyEricsson Walkman series of Musicphone and series of Cybershot camera phones, the Nokia Nseries multimedia phone, the Palm Pre, the HTC Dream and the iPhone.
Features
Main Products: mobile phone features and Smartphone
Mobile phones often have more than send text messages and make voice calls, including call logs, GPS navigation, music (MP3) and video (MP4) playback, RDS radio receiver, alarm, notes and recording of documents organizer and personal digital assistant functions, the ability to view video or download video for later viewing, video calling, built-in camera (1.0 Mpx +) And camcorders (video recording), with autofocus and flash, ringtones, games, PTT, memory card reader (SD), USB (2.0), infrared, Bluetooth (2.0) and WiFi connectivity, instant messaging, email and browsing the Internet and acts as a wireless modem for a PC and soon will also serve as a console for online classes, games and other high quality games. Some phones include a touch screen.
Nokia and the University Cambridge are showing a flexible cell phone called Morph.
See also: video to mobile phones using UMTS simultaneous type Video and Audio
Software and applications
A phone with a touchscreen.
Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants 19,972,007
The most widely used data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging, with 74% of all mobile phone users as active users (More than 2.4 billion out of 3.3 million total subscribers at the end of 2007). SMS text messaging was worth more than $ 100 million in annual revenues in 2007 and the world average of messaging use is 2.6 SMS sent per day per person in the entire subscriber base to mobile (source Informa 2007). The first SMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the United Kingdom, while the first person to person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.
The other non-SMS data services used by mobile phones worth 31 billion dollars in 2007, and were led by mobile music, downloadable logos and pictures, games, gambling, adult entertainment and advertising (source: Informa 2007). The first mobile content downloads sold to a mobile phone in Finland in 1998, when Radiolinja (now Elisa) introduced the service of downloadable ringtone. In 1999, the Japanese mobile operator NTT DoCoMo launched its mobile internet service, i-Mode, which today is the world's largest mobile internet service and roughly the same size as Google in annual revenues.
The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000. Mobile news services are expanding with organizations providing "on demand" news services by SMS. Some also provide "instant" news driven by SMS. Telephony Mobile also facilitates activism and public journalism being explored by Reuters and Yahoo and small independent news companies such as Jasmine News in Sri Lanka.
Companies are beginning to offer mobile services such as job search and career guidance. Consumer applications are on the rise and include everything from information guides on local activities and events to mobile coupons and discount offers can be used to save money on purchases. Even tools for creating websites for mobile phones are increasingly available.
mobile payments was tested for the first time in Finland in 1998 when two of Coca-Cola vending machines Espoo able to work with SMS payments. Eventually the idea spread and in 1999 the Philippines launched the first commercial payment systems for mobile, mobile operators Globe and Smart. Today mobile payments ranging from mobile banking to mobile credit cards to mobile commerce is widely used in Asia and Africa and some European markets. For example, in the Philippines is not unusual to have a salary of all the attention to the mobile account. In Kenya, the limit on transfers of money from one account mobile banking to another is one million U.S. dollars. In India paying utility bills with mobile gains 5% discount. In Estonia, mobile phones are the most popular method of paying public parking.
Power Supply
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Mobile phone pricing of services in Uganda
Mobile phones generally obtain power from the rechargeable battery. There are a variety of forms that are used to load cell phones, including USB, laptop batteries, mains (using AC adapter), cigarette lighters (using an adapter), or dynamo. In 2009, wireless office became a reality, wireless charger was first released for consumer use.
Standardization of micro-USB connector for loading
From 2010, many mobile phone manufacturers have agreed to use micro-USB connector to charge your phone. Phone manufacturers phones that have agreed to this provision are:
Apple
LG
Motorola
Nokia
Research In Motion
Samsung
Sony Ericsson
On February 17 2009, the GSM Association announced that they had agreed on a standard charger for mobile phones. The standard connector to be adopted by 17 manufacturers in the Open Mobile Terminal Platform, including Nokia, Motorola and Samsung will be the micro-USB connector (reports of various media outlets erroneously reported this as the mini-USB). The new chargers will be much more efficient than existing shippers. Having a standard charger for all phones, means that manufacturers have to provide a charger with every new phone.
Moreover, the October 22, 2009, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announced it had embraced the micro-USB charger as the universal solution of its "energy efficiency a single charger for all new mobile phone solution," He added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, Chargers UCS also include a 4-star or higher efficiency of up to three times more energy than an unqualified charger. "
Charger efficiency
The world's five largest handset manufacturers introduced a new classification system in November 2008 for help consumers more easily identify the most energy-efficient chargers
Most of the energy lost in a phone charger Mobile is in no load condition, when the mobile phone is not connected, but the charger is left plugged in and use energy. To combat this in November 2008 the five major mobile phone makers Nokia, Samsung, LG Electronics, Sony Ericsson and Motorola created a star rating system for the degree of efficiency of their boots in the unloaded condition. From zero stars for> 0.5 W and goes to the five-star rating <0.03 W (30 mW) has no power to load.
A number of semiconductor companies offering return time drivers, such as Power Integrations and CamSemi, now claim that five-star level can be achieved with the use of their product.
Battery
Previously, the most common form of mobile phone batteries nickel metal-hydride, as they have a low size and weight. Lithium ion batteries are sometimes used because they are lighter and have no tension depression than nickel-metal hydride do. Many mobile phone manufacturers have come to use lithium polymer batteries, unlike most Lithium ion, the main advantages of this being even lower weight and the possibility that the battery a shape other than strict cuboid. Mobile phone manufacturers have been experimenting with alternative energy sources, including solar cells and Coca Cola.
The SIM card
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Main article: Subscriber Identity Module
Typical SIM card mobile phone
In addition to the battery, cell GSM phones require a small microchip, called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card to function. About the size of a small label, the SIM card usually placed under the battery in the rear of the unit, and (when it is operated) stores the phone's configuration data and information over the phone itself and what calling plan the subscriber is using. When the subscriber removes the SIM card, can be re-inserted into another phone that is configured to accept the SIM card and use it normally.
Each SIM card is activated using a unique numerical identifier, once activated, the identifier is locked and the card is blocked on the network activation. For this reason, most retailers refuse to accept the return of an activated SIM card.
Mobile phones that do not use a SIM card is the data programmed into its memory. This data is accessed through a special sequence of digits to access the "Movement" as in "Name" Number of programming or menu. From here, you can add information as a new phone number, supplier numbers of new services, new emergency numbers, change their authentication key or key code, and update their Preferred Roaming List or PRL. However, to prevent someone from accidentally disabling their phone or removing it from the network, the Service Provider puts a lock on this data called Master Subsidiary Lock or MSL.
The MSL also ensures the service provider receives payment for the phone was purchased or lease. For example, the Motorola RAZR V9C costs more than CAD $ 500. Depending on the company as a phone can be available for just $ 200. The difference is paid by the customer in the form of a monthly bill. If the company has not used a MSL, then may lose $ 300 $ 400 paid the difference in the monthly bill, since some customers to cancel their service and pick up the phone to another company.
The MSL is applied to the SIM card only once the contract has been completed MSL still applies to the SIM card. The phone however, is also initially blocked by the manufacturer in the MSL service providers. This lock can be disabled so that the phone can use other providers SIM card. Most phones purchased outside the U.S. phones are open because there are numerous service providers in the vicinity of one another or overlapping coverage. The cost to unlock a cell varies, but usually very cheap and is sometimes supplied by independent mobile manufacturers.
Having an unlocked phone is very useful for travelers due to the high cost of using the MSL to access services when outside normal coverage areas. Sometimes can cost up to 10 times to use a locked phone abroad as in the normal service area, even at discounted rates. T-Mobile will offer a code to unlock the SIM card holders Accounts in good condition after 90 days according to your most common questions.
For example, in Jamaica, a subscriber of AT & T may pay more U.S. $ 1.65 off per minute for international service, while a B-Mobile (Jamaica) the customer would pay U.S. $ 0.20 per minute service International same. Some service providers focus on sales international sales, while others focus on regional sales. For example, the same client B-Mobile would pay more for local calls but less for international calls for a national phone subscriber Jamaica C & W (Cable & Wireless) of the company. These rate differences are mainly due to currency variations, because SIM purchases are made in local currency. In the U.S., this type of competitive services does not exist because some of the major service providers do not offer Pay-As-You-Go service. [Needs Pay-As-You-Go references, rumored T-Mobile, Verizon offer, AT & T from 12/2008]
Market
Mobile phone manufacturers' market share in Q3/2008
The world's largest phone operator individual mobile is China Mobile with more than 500 million mobile phone subcribers. The world's largest mobile phone operator Vodafone UK subscribers is Kingdom. There are over 600 mobile operators and companies worldwide commercial production. More than 50 mobile operators with more than 10 million subscribers each, and more than 150 mobile operators have at least one million subscribers by end 2008 (source: Wireless Intelligence).
On mobile phones in Q3/2008, Nokia was the world's largest maker of mobile phones, with a global device market share of 39.4%, followed by Samsung (17.3%), Sony Ericsson (8.6%), Motorola (8.5%) and LG Electronics (7.7%). These manufacturers accounted for over 80% of all mobile phones sold at that time.
Other manufacturers include Apple Inc., Audiovox (UTStarcom), Benefon, BenQ-Siemens, CECT, HTC Corporation, Fujitsu, Kyocera, Mitsubishi Electric, NEC, Neonode, Panasonic, Palm, Matsushita, Inc. Pantech Wireless, Philips, Qualcomm Inc., Research In Motion Ltd. (RIM), Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Siemens, Sendo, Sierra Wireless, SK Teletech, T & A Alcatel, Huawei, Trium, Toshiba [citation needed] and Vidalco. There are also specialist communication systems related to (but different from) mobile phones.
Media
The mobile phone became a mass media channel in 1998 when ringtones first sold to mobile phones by Radiolinja in Finland. Soon other media content appeared such as news, games, jokes, horoscopes, content television and advertising. In 2006 the total value of mobile phone paid media content exceeded internet paid content and media worth 31 billion dollars (source Informa 2007). The value of music on phones was worth 9.3 billion dollars in 2007 and the game was worth more than 5000 billion in 2007.
The mobile phone is often called the fourth screen (if counting cinema, TV and PC screens as the first three) or Third Screen (counting only TV and PC screens). [Weasel words] It is also called the Seventh of the means of communication (print, recordings, cinema, radio, television and Internet the first six). Most early content for mobile tended to be copies of legacy media, such as commercial or the TV news highlight video clip. Recently unique content for mobile devices, is emerging from the ringing tones and ringback tones in music Mobisodes, video content that has been produced exclusively for mobile phones.
The advent of media on the phone Mobile has also produced the opportunity to identify and track Alpha Users or Hubs, the most influential members of any social community. AMF companies measured in 2007 relative accuracy of three mass media, and found that audience measures on mobile were nine times more accurate than on the internet and 90 times more accurate than on television. [Original research?]
Privacy
Cell phones have many privacy issues associated with them, and are regularly used by governments to conduct surveillance.
Law enforcement and intelligence services in the UK and U.S. have the technology to remotely activate microphones in mobile phones to listen to conversations that take place near the person holding the phone.
Mobile phones are also commonly used to collect location data. The geographic location of a mobile phone can be easily determined (or is being used or not), using a technique called multilateration to calculate the differences in time for a signal to travel from the cell phone to each towers near cellular phone holder.
Restriction on the use
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. reference material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010)
There is a growing body within the scientific community believes that mobile phone use is a long-term health risk, particularly to young children. Some countries, like France, restrict the use and sale of cell phones to children for this reason. The telecommunications insdustry disputes these assertions, kindness there is no evidence of adverse health effects in the long term. Groups Scientists, however, as the U.S. – The group based on "BioInitiative (see www.bioinitiative.org) argue that because mobile phone use technology is a recently introduced long-term test "has been impossible – and the use should be restricted or closely monitored, while the technology is still is new. The first generation cell phone users, for example, are now entering middle age. Studies in Europe, for example, are now emerging that link the use of long-term cell for brain tumors. Other studies link the use of cell phones to children's diabetes, difficulty concentrating and sleep disorders.
The use while driving
Main article: Mobile phones and driving safety
Mobile usage phone while driving is common but controversial. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents. Because of this, Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore ban both handheld and hands-free using a mobile phone while many other countries including our UK, France, and many U.S. states prohibit handheld phone use only, that allows hands-free use.
Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones as any times more mobile computers in use has made available additional difficulties for law enforcement to be able to say one other use, such as drivers use their devices. This is most evident in those countries they prohibit the use of handheld and hands-free, and not those who have banned the use of hand only because officials can not easily say that the phone function Mobile is simply using visual watching the conductor. This could mean that drivers can be stopped by using their illegally in a phone call when in fact they were not, but using the device for a lawful purpose, such as the phone's built-in controls to car stereo or use satellite navigation, either as part of the apparatus that the cars themselves or directly on the mobile phone itself.
Cases like this often only can be proven otherwise by checking the records of mobile phone operators phone call to see if a call is carried out during the trip. Although in many countries, the law enforcement officer has stopped the driver for a different offense, for example, lack of diligence in relation to driving.
Schools
Some schools limit or restrict the use of mobile phones. Schools to establish restrictions on mobile phone use due to the use of cell phones for cheating on exams, harassment and intimidation, causing security threats to schools, leisure activities for students and facilitate gossip and social activity others in the school. Many mobile phones are prohibited on school locker rooms, restrooms and swimming pools because of the built-in camera that Most phones and property, although some countries and manufacturers have taken steps to protect privacy in these areas, giving its products acoustic shot noise ', that can not be disabled. [Citation needed]
A recently published study reviewed the impact of using mobile mobile while cycling and its effects on behavior and safety.
Comparison with similar systems
Car phone
A type of phone permanently installed in a vehicle, they often have more powerful transmitters, an external antenna and speakerphone for hands-free use. Usually connected to the same networks as regular mobile phones.
Cordless phone (cell phone)
Cordless phones are phones that use a or more mobile radio instead of a wired headset. The terminals connect wirelessly to a base station, which in turn connects to a conventional landline for calling. Unlike mobile phones, cordless phones use private base stations (belonging to subscribers of fixed line), which are not shared.
Professional Mobile Radio
Advanced professional mobile radio systems can be very similar to mobile phone systems. In particular, the IDEN standard has been used as a private trunked radio system and the technology of several large public providers. Have reached similar attempts have been made to use TETRA, European digital PMR standard, to implement public mobile networks.
Radio Phone
This is a term which covers radios which could connect to the telephone network. These phones can not be mobile, for example, may need a power supply, or may require the assistance of a human operator to create PSTN phone call.
Satellite Phone
This type of phone communicates directly with an artificial satellite, which in turn relays calls to a base station or another satellite phone. A single satellite can provide coverage to a much larger area than terrestrial base stations. Since phones Satellite is expensive, its use is usually limited to people in remote areas where there is no mobile phone coverage, such as hikers, sailors in the open sea, and news reporters disaster sites.
IP Phone
This type of offer or receive phone calls via Internet, LAN or WAN using VoIP instead of traditional CDMA and GSM networks. In business, most of these IP phones are connected via Ethernet cable, wireless, however there are varieties. Several vendors have developed independent WiFi phones. In addition, some cell phones include the ability to place VoIP calls via high speed cellular data networks and / or wireless Internet.
See also
Mobile phone radiation and health
Information customer proprietary network
Flexible Keyboard
Rotary dial
touchtone phone
Harvard sentences
Information and Communication Technologies development
List of countries by number of mobile phones in use
Mobile Internet Device (MID)
Personal Handy-phone System
smartphone
Pay As You Go (phone)
The SIM card
Mobile broadband
Immobilization
PDA
Netbook
portable
References
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^ Mingtao Shi, technology-based cellular mobile telephony operators in Germany and China, page 55
^ Data on the mobile. A journey time
^ "Change Plan for a cellular mobile telephone system: Z. Fluhrer and E. Nussbaum, IEEE Transactions on Communications Volume 21, # 11 p. 1281 (1973)
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^ Cooper, et al., "Radio Telephone System," U.S. Patent number 3,906,166, Presentation Date: October 17, 1973; Issue Date: September 1975, Assignee Motorola
^ "Executive Motorola helped spur the mobile revolution, oversaw ill-fated Iridium project. The Wall Street Journal, June 2021, 2009, p. A10.
^ "John F. Mitchell, 1928-2009: He was president of Motorola from 1980 to '95, Chicago Tribune, June 17, 2009, retrieved June 17, 2009 ". Chicagotribune.com. Http: / / www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-hed-jmitchell-17-jun17, 0.955426. History. Retrieved 07/29/2009.
^ Shiels, Maggie (04/21/2003). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2963619.stm ["BBC interview with Martin CooperCell cell phones or phones are so called as they cover compartmentalized, cell like areas. The origin of cell phone dating back to 1973 when Motorola came up with World `s first portable cellular telephone which was commercialized as Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. These days, new phones are added at a rapid pace. Parts of them typically consist of the following: circuit board, antenna, keyboard LCD - liquid crystal display, battery, microphone; speaker. In recent times, are available with a wide range of functions. To list a few functions, depending on the type of cell phone you choose: store contact information, keep track of appointments, a memory set, prepare lists, send / receive email, games, send text (SMS), Internet access, watch and enjoy TV, built-in calculator, integration with other devices such as GPS receivers, MP3 players, phones, Cell etc, which operates in the radio frequency, have come up with an innovative approach to counter the limited cell availability of radio spectrum. Now, telephone cell towers are used to supply a broad geographic area. Each tower (base station), covers a circular area called cell. A large region is divided into a number of cells allowing different base stations use the same channels and frequencies for communication. This allows thousands of mobile phone users to share far fewer channels. ".] BBC News. Http: / / news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2963619.stm. Retrieved on 07/29/2009.
^ "Swedish National Science Museum and Technology. Tekniskamuseet.se. http://www.tekniskamuseet.se/mobilen/engelska/1980_90.shtml. Retrieved on 07/29/2009.
^ Field and technology: The fundamentals of mobile phones
^ The cell phone 50 years – facts and figures
^ World UMTS. "The history and development of 3G UMTS." Umtsworld.com. http://www.umtsworld.com/umts/history.htm. Retrieved on 07/29/2009.
^ Gopal, Thawatt (11-15 March 2007). "EVDO Rev. a control channel Bandwidth analysis of paging. "IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. IEEE. pp. 32 627. doi: 10.1109/WCNC.2007.601.
^ A B Young Kyun, Kim; Prasad, Ramjee (2006). 4G roadmap and emerging communication technologies. Artech House 2006. pp. 1213. ISBN 1-58053-931-9.
^ By RICHARD BROOKSThe Press-Enterprise (13/08/2007). "Cell phones donated to help battered women | San Bernardino County | PE.com | Southern California News | News for Inland Southern California." PE.com. http://www.pe.com/localnews/sbcounty/stories/PE_News_Local_S_helpphones13.3d74734.html. Retrieved on 11/04/2009.
^ By Christy Oglesby CNN (01/11/2008). "The cells, text messages give predators secret path to the children. "CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/01/11/teachers.charged/index.html. Retrieved 04/11/2009 .
^ Goodyear, Dana (01/07/2009). "Letter from Japan: Novels I". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/12/22/081222fa_fact_goodyear. Retrieved on 07/29/2009.
^ "Millions UK | save" secret mobile. BBC News. 10/16/2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1602044.stm. Retrieved on 11/04/2009.
^ Donner, Jonathan, and Steenson, Molly Wright. "Beyond the personal and private modes: mobile phone share urban India. "In the reconstruction of space and time: mobile communication practices, edited by Rich Ling and Scott Campbell, 231-250. Piscatawy, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2008.
^ Hahn, Hans and Kibora, Ludovic. "The domestication of the mobile phone: oral society and new ICTs in Burkina Faso." Journal of Modern African Studer 46 (2008): 87-109.
^ Reardon, Marguerite. "Nokia cell phone demos flexible." CNET News, February 25, 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
^ "You are witnessing News." News.yahoo.com. 26/01/2009. http://news.yahoo.com/you-witness-news. Retrieved on 07/29/2009.
goingcellular.com ^ Powermat Wireless Charger now available
^ EUROPA – Press Releases – Harmonisation of a carrying capacity of the common charger for mobile phones
^ "World According GSM mobile phone charger standard." http://www.gsmworld.com/newsroom/press-releases/2009/2548.htm.
^ Pressinfo (10/22/2009). "Press Release: Universal phone charger standard adopted one size fits all solution to dramatically cut waste and GHG emissions. Itu.int. http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2009/49.html. Retrieved 4/11/2009.
^ Daily Mail
^ "Card Exchange SIM. Reviews.cnet.com. 08/08/2006. Http://reviews.cnet.com/4520-3504_7-6625604-1.html. Retrieved on 09/04/2009.
^ "By the Numbers: The five manufacturers mobile phones in the third quarter of 2008 – RCR Wireless News. Rcrwireless.com. 21/07/2009. http://www.rcrwireless.com/article/20081030/WIRELESS/810309997/. Retrieved on 07/29/2009.
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^ McCullagh, Declan; Broach Ana (December 1, 2006). "FBI taps cell phone mic as a tool for espionage." CNet News. http://news.cnet.com/FBI-taps-cell-phone-mic-as-eavesdropping-tool/2100-1029_3-6140191.html. Retrieved on 14/03/2009.
^ Odell, Mark (August 1, 2005). "Use of mobile helped police keep an eye on" suspicious. Financial Times. http://news.ft.com/cms/s/7166b8a2-02cb-11da-84e5-00000e2511c8.html. Retrieved on 14/03/2009.
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Further reading
Agar, Jon, constant touch: a global history of mobile telephony, 2004 ISBN 1840465417
Ahonen, Tomi, m-benefits: Making Money with 3G Services, 2002, ISBN 0-470-84775-1
Ahonen, Kasper and Melkko, 3G Marketing 2004, ISBN 0-470-85100-7
Fessenden, RA (1908). "Telephony Wireless. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: 161 196. http://books.google.com/books?id=gtQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161. Retrieved on 08/07/2009.
Glotz, Peter, and Bertsch, Stefan, eds. Thumb Culture: The Meaning of Mobile Phones for Society, 2005
Katz, James E. & Aakhus, Mark, eds. Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance, 2002
Kavoori, Anandam and Arceneaux, Noah, eds. The reader of your cell: Essays on Social Transformation, 2006
Kopomaa, Timo. The city in your pocket, Gaudeamus 2000
Levinson, Paul, Cellphone: The Story the Middle most mobile in the world, and how it has transformed everything!, 2004 ISBN 1-4039-6041-0
Ling, Rich, The Mobile Connection: Impact of Cell Phone in society, 2004 ISBN 1558609369
Ling, Rich and Pedersen, Per, eds. Mobile Communications: Re-negotiation of the Social Sphere, 2005 ISBN 1852339314
Home Rich Ling
Nyri, Kristf, ed. Mobile Communication: Essays on Cognition and Community, 2003
Nyri, Kristf, ed. Mobile Learning: Essays on Philosophy, Psychology and Education, 2003
Nyri, Kristf, ed. Mobile Democracy: Essays on Society, Self and Politics, 2003
Nyri, Kristf, ed. A sense of place: the global and local in Mobile Communications, 2005
Nyri, Kristf, ed. Mobile Understanding: The Epistemology of Ubiquitous Communication, 2006
Plant, Dr. Sadie, on the effects of mobile phones in social life and individual, 2001
Rheingold, Howard, Smart mobs: The Next Social Revolution, 2002 ISBN 0738208612
Singh, Rohit (April 2009). Mobile phones for development and profit: a win-win scenario. Development Institute overseas. p. 2. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/opinions/128-mobile-phones-business-development-private-sector.pdf.
External Links
Look up mobile phone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to mobile phones
How Phones Work HowStuffWorks Phones
Number of mobile subscribers by country and 100 people interactive map of the world.
Cell phone ring is heard at all the video documentary of the world by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
"The Long Odyssey Cell Phone" 15 photos with captions of Time magazine
Buying Guide for mobile phones
http://www.worldtimezone.com/gsm.html
http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164D-2009-PDF-E.pdf
http://www.itu.int/publ/T-SP-E.164C-2008/en
http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/
EV
Mobile phones
General
History of GSM Features OS development
Networks
Network operators Standard comparison Frequencies SIM WAP mobile VoIP XHTML-MP phone signal mobile
Generations: 0G 1G 2G 3G 4G
Devices
Camera phone manufacturers Smartphones Form Factors
Applications and Services
Blogging Banking Trade email content playing game instant messaging Health Learning Location Tracking Marketing Music News payment of publication of the search for SMS text messages MMS Web Telephony Ticketing
Culture
Novels Comics Charms Phantom rings Culture Music Ringtones Japanese mobile phone
Health and environment
Electronic waste and radiation health Blackberry thumb
Law
Driving law recording by civilians and the right to photograph text messages while driving
EV
Mobile mobile telecommunications standards
0G (radio telephone)
MTA MTB MTC MTS IMTS AMTS OLT MTD Autoradiopuhelin
1G
Mobitex ETACS AMPS TACS NMT DataTAC HICAP
2G
Family GSM/3GPP
GSM CSD
3GPP2 family
CdmaOne (IS-95)
Other
D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136), iDEN CDPD PDC PHS
Transition 2G
Family GSM/3GPP
EDGE HSCSD GPRS / EGPRS
3GPP2 family
CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)
iDEN family
WIDEN
3G (IMT-2000)
3GPP family
UMTS (UTRAN) WCDMA-FDD WCDMA-TDD UTRA LCR-TDD (TD-SCDMA)
3GPP2 family
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)
3G transition
3GPP family
HSDPA HSPA + HSUPA LTE (E-UTRA)
3GPP2 family
EV-DO Rev. A EV-DO Rev. B
Other
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) Flash-OFDM IEEE 802.20
4G (IMT-Advanced)
3GPP family
LTE Advanced
WiMAX family
IEEE 802.16m
Related Articles
Comparative History of standards from the list of standards of spectral efficiency comparison table theory cellular frequencies of cellular networks Mobile Broadband
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